Chromosomal+Inheritance

Chapter 15  · Sex linkage (Sex Linked Gene)  - Gene located on a sex chromosome  · Which gender determines the sex of the offspring?  - Usually the male sex chromosome  - Pg 268 [fig.15.8]  · Barr Body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Wild Type <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Phenotype most common in natural population <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mutant <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Alleles that have changed or mutated <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Linked Gene <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Genes that are located on the same chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Genetic Recombination <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from 2 parents <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - [Fig. 15.6] <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Recombinant <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Parental Types <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Parental phenotypes <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Genetic Map <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Linkage Map <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Genetic map based on recombination frequencies <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Crossing Over <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sex – Linked Disorders in Humans <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Progressive weakening of the muscles & loss of coordination <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Lack of dystrophin on the X chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Hemophilia <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Recessive trait with the absence of a certain protein for blood clotting (bleeds excessively) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nondisjunction <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Mishap with mitotic spindle distribution of chromosomes <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Leads to trisomy (3 chromosomes) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Leads to monosomy (1 chromosome) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Polyploidy <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Aneuploid <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Abnormal chromosome number <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Deletion <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Loss of a fragment through breakage <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Duplication <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Translocation <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Chromosomal breakage for the fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - A rearrangement <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Down Syndrome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Trisomy 21 <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Karyotyping can detect the abnormality of chromosomes <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Amniocentesis <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> » Needle inserted into uterus & extracts 10 mL of amniotic fluid <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> » Tested at 14 – 16 weeks of pregnancy <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> » Suctions small amount of fetal tissue from placenta <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> » Tested at 8 – 10 weeks of pregnancy <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Klinefelter's Syndrome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Extra X chromosome (XXY) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Turner's Syndrome <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Monosomy X