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=Final Exam Study Guide = Chapter 10 Senses  · Sensory Receptors  - Detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses  · Somatic Senses  - Touch, Pressure, Temperature, Pain  · Special Senses  - Smell, Taste, Hearing, Vision, Equilibrium  · Receptors & Sensation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">1. Chemoreceptors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Smell & taste <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Changes in the chemical concentration of substances <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">2. Painreceptors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Pain (fingers & skin) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Tissue damage <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">3. Mechanoreceptors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Pain (touch) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Changes in pressure or movement <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">4. Photoreceptors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Light <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. By light energy <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Sensation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Feeling that occurs when a brain interprets a sensory impulse <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Projection <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Process where the cerebral cortex causes a feeling to stem from a source (eyes, ears) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Sensory Adaptation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Somatic Senses <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">1. Sensory Nerve Fibers <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Epithelial tissue, pain & pressure <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Sensation for itching <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">2. Tactile (Meissner's) Corpuscles <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Hairless areas of skin, lips & fingertips <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Respond to the motion of objects that barely contact the skin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> i. Sensation light touch <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">3. Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Deep pressure, tendons & joints <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Respond to heavy pressure <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> i. Sensation of deep pressure <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Temperature Senses <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Warm & cold receptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Sense of Pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Visceral Pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Occurs in visceral tissues such as heart, lungs, intestines <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Referred Pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Feels as though it is coming from a different pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ø Heart pain may be felt as pain in left arm or shoulder <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Acute Pain (Pain Nerve Fibers) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Originates from skin, usually stops when stimulus stops <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ø Needle-prick <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Chronic Pain (Pain Nerve Fibers) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dull aching sensation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ø Tooth-ache <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Regulation of Pain Impulses <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Inhibitors of Pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Natural brain chemicals can be mimicked by drugs such as morphine <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Olfactory Receptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Olfactory Receptors have to do with smell <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Olfactory Flow Chart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Dissolved Chemical Signal (Smell) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Mucous Layer "Boogers" (protection) à dust, germs; diffuses smells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Olfactory Receptors by Cilia <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Nerve Fibers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Olfactory Bulb <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Brain :) or :( brain decides whether the smell is good or bad <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Taste Receptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Taste Buds à special organs of taste <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 10,000 taste buds on our tongue <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - Each taste bud includes 50 to 150 modified epithelial cells which function as receptor cell a.k.a. taste cells (gustatory cells) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - 5 Taste Sensations <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. S weet – Sugar <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. our – Lemon <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Salty – Salt <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Bitter – Caffeine <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Umami – "Delicious" or "Heaven on earth" taste · Gustatory Flow Chart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Taste hair <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Taste Cell <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Sensory Nerve Fiber <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Glassopharyngeal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Brainstem <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 Brain

Chapter 10 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · 5 types of receptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Chemoreceptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Smell & taste (changes in the chemical concentration of substances) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pain Receptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Pain in fingers (tissue damage) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thermoreceptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Temperature (change in temperature) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mechanoreceptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Pressure (change in pressure or movement) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Photoreceptors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Light (light energy) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Sensory Adaptation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ex: Unaware of the pressure of your clothing against your skin, or the background noise <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Somatic Senses <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;">1.Sensory Nerve Fibers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Itching & light pain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Epithelial tissue <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;">2.Meissner's Corpuscles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Light touch <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Small, oval masses of flattened connective tissue cells within connective sheaths <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;">3.Pacinian Corpuscles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Pressure (deep) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Deeper dermal & subcutaneous tissues; in tendons and joints <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Pain is different because pain receptors protect the body because tissue damage stimulates them <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Special senses are located in the complex sensory organs in the head <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Smell à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> olfactory organs à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> nose <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Taste à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> taste buds à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> tongue <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Hearing/Equilibrium à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> ears <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sight à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> eyes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Olfactory Receptor Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Columnar epithelial cells which have cilia at their distal ends <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Olfactory Receptors are proteins on the cilia <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Purpose of Mucous Layer "Boogers" <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Protection of dust, germs; diffuses smells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Due to chemoreceptors à and change in chemical concentration <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Taste Receptors are found on the tongue <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · 5 primary taste sensations <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sweet <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sour <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Salty <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bitter <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Umami <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Structure vs. Function <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Auricle (pinna) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Outer ear (cartilage) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Collects sound waves travelling through the air <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">External Auditory (Acoustic) Meatus <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Leads inward through temporal bone <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Sound waves going directly in the External Auditory Meatus <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Eardrum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Membrane covered by a thin layer of skin of its outer surface & by mucous membrane on the inside <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Sound waves change the pressure on the eardrum, which moves back & forth in response reproduces the vibrations of the sound wave source <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Auditory Ossicles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Malleus, incus, stapes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> o They transmit vibration & amplify the signal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Oval Window <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Opening between the stapes and the inner ear to introduce vibrations <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Semicircular Canals <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Sense of equilibrium <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cochlea <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 Sense of hearing · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">3 pigments of cones are <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Red <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Green <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Blue · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Rods <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provide general outline of objects (black & white) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cones <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provide sharp images (color vision) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thin Lens <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When ciliary muscle fibers are relaxed <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When suspensory ligaments are stretched · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thick Lens <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When ciliary muscle fibers contract <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When suspensory ligaments are relaxed · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Stereoscopic vision – using 2 eyes to see · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Monoscopic vision – using 1 eye to see · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Papillary Reflex <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dim light stimulates à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> radial muscles to contract & the pupil dilates (gets bigger) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bright light stimulates à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> circular muscles of the iris contract & the pupil constricts (gets smaller) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Rhodospin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Located in the rods · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">How to treat CATARACTS <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Treated on an outpatient with a laser surgery and replacing the cataract with a plastic lens <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cataracts must be treated when the lens or its capsule becomes cloudy & opaque · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Glaucoma <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Develops when the rate of aqueous humor formation exceeds the rate of its removal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The fluid accumulates the inside of the eye, fluid pressure rises and transmits to all parts of the eye <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Over time the pressure squeezes the blood vessels shut, that supply the receptor cells of the retina <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">May result to blindness <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Treatment <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Drugs, laser therapy, surgery <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Can be detected by measuring intraocular pressure in the eye using an instrument called a tonometer · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nearsighted <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Myopia <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Eyes are too long · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Farsighted <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Hyperopia <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Eyes are too short · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Astigmatism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When the cornea has an irregular shape <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Part of the field of view is out of focus <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">(Eyeball changes shapes until the age of 24) _ Cardiovascular System (Chapter 13) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · When ventricles contract the blood is forced out of the heart and into the arteries <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Heart sac is called the pericardial sac <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Blood Flowchart Through Heart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Superior & Inferior Venae Cavae à Right Atrium à through Tricuspid Valve à Right Ventricle à through Pulmonary Valve à Pulmonary Artery à to Lungs <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Blood Flowchart Lungs to Body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Pulmonary Veins à to Left Atrium à through Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve à Left Ventricle à through Aortic Valve à Aorta à Body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · DEOXYGENATED BLOOD <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Superior venae cavae à Inferior venae cavae à Right atrium à Tricuspid (3flaps) valve à Chordae tendineae (helps open and close flaps) à Attaches to papillary muscle à Right ventricle à Pulmonary (semilunar) valves à Pulmonary trunk à Pulmonary artery <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · OXYGENATED BLOOD <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Pulmonary veins à Left atrium à Bicuspid/mitral valve à Left ventricle (more muscular) à Aortic semilunar valve à Aorta <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · S-A node (pacemaker) à A-V node à A-V bundle à Purkinje fibers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ECG = electrocardiogram <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - ECG = P QRS T wave <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">P wave – atrial contraction or systole [depolarization of atrial fibers] contraction of atria <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">QRS complex – ventricular contraction or systole [ depolarization of ventricles] <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">T wave – ventricular relaxation [repolarization of ventricular fibers] <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Innermost layer of the pericardium (encloses the heart), and covers the heart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · External Jugular Vein drains blood from the face, scalp and superficial regions of the neck <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Blood pressure is greatest during Ventricular Systole <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Endocardium <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contains blood vessels and some specialized cardiac muscle fibers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Continuous with inner lining of blood vessels attached to the heart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Consists of epithelium & connective tissue <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Inferior and Superior Mesenteric artery supply blood to the intestines <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - One or bothe cusps of the mitral valve stretches & bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - When valve does not close properly <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Bradycardia (Arrhythmia) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Such as heart beating too fast, too slow or irregularly <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Systole <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Ventricle contracts, pumping blood to the lungs and to the body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Diastole <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Atrium contracts, pumping blood to the ventricle <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Pulmonary Circuit <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen (O2) & unload carbon dioxide (CO2) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Systemic Circuit <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Sends oxygenated blood & nutrients to all body cells & removes wastes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · When the S-A (sinoartial) node reaches the threshold potential the cardiac muscle fibers contract <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Sympathetic reflexes stimulate smooth muscle in veins when venous pressure is too low <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Coronary sinus <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Large vessel on the posterior surface of the heart into which cardiac veins drain