A&P+Midterm+Review

__Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Review__  · Anatomy o The structure (body parts) à doesn't change much  · Physiology o How the body parts work à does change  · Anatomy & Physiology o Are related because of the structure & how it functions  · Negative Feedback o Mechanism activated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance o Negative = Normal  · Positive Feedback o Process that moves conditions away from the normal state o Positive = Problem  · Catabolism o Releasing energy o Reactions of metabolism are often reversed o Hydrolysis à splitting 2 molecules by adding water <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Breaks down = Lose muscle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Anabolism <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Process requiring energy <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Provides the substance needed for growth & repair <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Dehydration synthesis à removes H2O molecule to join 2 smaller molecules <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Puts on = Gain muscle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Homeostasis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Maintenance of stable internal environment, temperature, hormones, heartbeat, breathing, etc. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Receptor <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Gets information <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Set Point <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Tells what a particular value should be <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Ex: body temperature <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Effectors <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Body Portions <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Appendicular = upper & lower limbs <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Axial = head, neck <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Dorsal = back side; ex: spine <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Ventral = front side; ex: lungs <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Viscera = organs with cavities <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Visceral Membrane = directly on an organ <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Body Reference Words <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Superior = above <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Inferior = below <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Anterior = towards the front <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Posterior = towards the back <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Medial = towards the mid – line <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Lateral = away from the mid – line <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Proximal = near <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Superficial (peripheral) = towards the surface <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Sagittal = divided into left & right <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Transverse = divided into upper & lower portions <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Coronal = divides into anterior & posterior <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Element <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o All matter composed of fundamental substances <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Atoms <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Elements composed of tiny particles <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Molecule <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o When 2 or more atoms bond <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · pH <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o value measures hydrogen ion concentration <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o scale ranges from 0 – 14; 7 = neutral <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o 0 – 6.9 = Acidic <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o 7.1 – 14 = Basic <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o 10 fold difference between each number <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Enzyme <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Proteins that catalyze specific biochemical reactions <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Macromolecules <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Large molecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Carbohydrates <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Provides energy <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Cell structure <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Lipids <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Provides energy <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Cell structure <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Proteins <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Provides cell Structure <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Enzymes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Energy <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Nucleic Acids <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Stores information for protein synthesis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Controls cells activities <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Cell Organelles <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Cell Membrane <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Maintains integrity & controls passage of materials into & out of the cell <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Endoplasmic Reticulum <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes (Rough ER) & synthesizes lipids (Smooth ER) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Ribosomes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Synthesizes proteins <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Golgi Apparatus <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Packages protein molecules for transport & secretion <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Mitochondria <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Releases energy from nutrient molecules & change energy into a useable form <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Lysosomes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Peroxisomes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Houses enzymes that catalyze diverse reactions, including bile acid synthesis, lipid breakdown, & alcohol detoxification <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Microfilaments & Microtubules <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Support the cytoplasm & help move substances & organelles within the cytoplasm <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Centrosome <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Cilia & Flagella <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Cilia propel fluid over cellular surfaces, & flagellum enables a sperm cell to move <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Vesicles <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contain & transports various substances <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Nuclear Envelope <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Maintains integrity of nucleus & controls passage of materials between nucleus & cytoplasm <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Nucleolus <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Site of ribosome synthesis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Chromatin <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contains information for synthesizing proteins <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Tonicity <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Occurs in osmosis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Isotonic (blood cell) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Equal solute (stuff) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Same osmotic pressure in & out of body fluids <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Hypertonic (Raisin) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § More solute (stuff) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Higher osmotic pressure à fluids get out <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Hypotonic (balloon about to burst) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Less solute (stuff) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Less osmotic pressure à fluid gets in <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Aerobic Respiration <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Has 2 stages <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Electron Transport Chain (ETC) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Citric Acid <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Uses oxygen <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Aerobic à occurs inside the Mitochondria <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Has 3 end Products: <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Carbon dioxide (CO2) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Water (H2O) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Energy (ATP) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Produces 36 – 38 ATP <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Anaerobic Respiration <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Called Glycolysis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o DOES NOT USE OXYGEN <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Anaerobic à occurs in the cytoplasm <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Starts with à glucose <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Ends with à two 3-C molecules (pyruvate) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Produces 2 <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o As energy is released during cellular respiration some of it is captured in the end of phosphate <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Energy is required for a metabolic reaction à terminal; phosphate bond breaks à releasing stored energy <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o ATP is used for a variety of functions, including active transport & synthesis of various compounds <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Up to 38 molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose oxidized <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Epithelial Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o General Characteristics <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Found throughout the body, covers all body surfaces both inside & out <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. Main glandular tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">3. Attached to underlying connective tissue by non-cellular nonliving basement membrane <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">4. Usually has NO vascular tissue – blood supply <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">5. Cell reproduce rapidly (rapid healing) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">6. Cells are tightly packed together <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Simple – single layer <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Stratified – multiple layers <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Squamous – flat <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Cuboidal – square <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Columnar – column [rectangle] <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Structure <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Epidermis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Outer layer if the skin <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Lacks blood vessels <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Dermis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Inner layer of the skin <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contains nerve fibers, sensory fiber, hair follicles, sebaceous gland & sweat glands <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Subcutaneous Layer <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Primarily adipose tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Functions to: <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">9 Insulate <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">9 Help attach skin to underlying tissues <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Connective Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o General Characteristics <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Bind, support, protect, serve as framework, fill space, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection & repairs tissue damage <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. Have an abundance of __extracellular matrix,__ or intercellular material throughout & have good blood supply (except cartilage) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Loose Connective Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Areolar Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">9 Binds organs, holds tissue fluids <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Adipose Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">9 Protects, insulates, stores fat <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Muscle Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Cardiac Muscle Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Only in the heart & consists of branching fibers, that are connected to each other with intercalated disks <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. This involuntary muscle has a single nucleus in each cell but appears striated <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Skeletal Muscle Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Attached to bone & voluntary <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. The cells (muscle fibers) are large & cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei & contract from nervous impulse <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Smooth Muscle Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Lacks striations, is uninucleate, & consists of spindle-shaped cells <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 81pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. The involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs, and in the digestive tract, blood vessels & urinary bladder <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Nervous Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">1. Found in the brain, spinal cord, & nerves <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">2. __Neurons,__ or nerve cells, conduct impulses while…. Helper cells = __neuroglia,__ support & nourish the neurons <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Muscle Tissue <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Skeletal à Voluntary <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Location <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Skeletal muscles <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Smooth à involuntary <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Location <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Walls of hallow viscera, blood vessels <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Organs (except heart) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Movement of viscera, peristalsis, vasoconstriction <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Movement of muscles to make certain things move <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Cardiac à involuntary <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Location <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Wall of the heart <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Pumping action of the heart <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Muscle Contraction <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Skeletal <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Contraction Characteristics <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contracts & relaxes rapidly <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Smooth <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Contraction Characteristics <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Contracts & relaxes slowly <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Self – exciting; rhythmic <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Cardiac <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Contraction Characteristics <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Network of cells contracts as a unit <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Self – exciting; rhythmic <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Neuromuscular Junction <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Neuromuscular junction <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - The connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Motor Neurons <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Neurons that control effectors, including skeletal muscle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Neurotransmitters <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Neurons that communicate with the cells that they control by releasing chemicals <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Skeletal Muscle Makeup <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called FASCICLES <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Individual muscles are separated by FASCIA, which also forms tendons & aponeuroses <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Endomysium à inner most <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Connective tissue around muscle cell <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Perimysium à middle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Connective tissue around a bundle of muscle fibers <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Epimysium à outer most <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Connective tissue all around a muscle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Sarcolemma <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Muscle fiber membrane <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Sarcoplasm <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Inner material surrounding fibers (like cytoplasm) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Myofibrils <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Individual muscle fibers à made of myofilaments <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Actin – thin <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Myosin – thick <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Muscle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Fascicles <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Muscle fibers (cells) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">9 Myofibrils <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"> § Thick and thin filaments <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Skeletal <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Extracellular Matrix <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Where the bone cells live <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Osteocytes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called lacunae <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Central Canals (Haversian Canals) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Osteocytes form rings (lamellae) around Haversian Canals which houses blood vessels <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Canaliculi <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Osteocytes are linked by canaliculi <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Perforating Canals ( Volkmann's Canals) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Central Canals ( Haversian Canals) are linked by perforating canals (Volkmann's Canals) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Osteon <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § "Haversian System" <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Osteonic Canal <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § "Haversian Canal" <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Marrow <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Connective tissue in spaces in bones that includes blood-forming stem & progenitor cells <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Red marrow à oxygen carries hemoglobin to make it red <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Function in forming red blood cells, white blood cells, & blood platelets <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Yellow Marrow <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Stores fat; it is NOT active in blood cell production <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Major Skeletal Bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Long Bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Long longitudinal axes & expanded ends <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Forearm & thigh bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Short Bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Somewhat cube like, their lengths & widths are roughly equal <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Bones of the wrist & ankle <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Flat Bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Plate like structures with broad surfaces <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Ribs, scapulae & some bones of the skull <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Irregular Bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Variety of shapes & usually connected to several other bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § Vertebrae that comprise the backbone & many facial bones <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Osteoporosis <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Is the thinning of the bone tissue and loss of bone density over time <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">o Occurs <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> § When the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both