Nervous+System

Chapter 9 Nerves  · Neurons  - Nerve tissue consists of masses of nerve cells  · Nerve Impulses  - Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes, to other neurons & to cells outside the nervous system  · Cell Body  - Neurons typically have a rounded area  - 2 types of extensions  9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dendrites <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> v <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Receive electrochemical messages (numerous amounts) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Axons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> v <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Extensions that send information in the form of nerve impulses (neuron usually has only 1 neuron) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nerves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bundles of axons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neuroglial Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provides physical support, insulation & nutrients for neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nervous System is divided into 2 groups <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Central Nervous System (CNS) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Consists of the brain and spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Composed of the nerves that connect the CNS to other body parts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">CNS & PNS provide 3 functions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sensory <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Integrative <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Motor <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sensory Function //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> derives from //sensory receptors// at the ends of peripheral neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Receptors gather information by detecting changes inside & outside the body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sensory receptors convert environmental information into nerve impulses, which transmit over to PNS & CNS <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Integrative Function //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> makes conscious or subconscious decisions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Information is brought together <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Motor Functions //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> act on conscious or subconscious decisions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Carry impulses from the CNS to responsive structures, effectors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Effectors, are outside the nervous system, include muscles that contract, and glands that secrete when stimulated by nerve impulses <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Responds to signals, homeostasis <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Motor functions divided into 2 groups <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Somatic nervous system <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Controls skeletal muscle consciously <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Autonomic nervous system <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Controls effectors that are involuntary, (ex. the heart, smooth muscle in blood vessels & various glands) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Myelin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fatty material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neuroglial Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Supports the cell for the neurons <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">1.Microglial Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Scattered throughout the CNS <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Supports neurons & phagocytizes bacterial cells & cellular debris <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 121.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> Ø <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(clean up) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">2.Oligodendrocytes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Align along nerve fibers <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provide myelin sheath, around brain & spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provides insulation around the axons (in the CNS) brain & spinal cord <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">3.Astrocytes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Found between neurons & blood vessels, provide structural support, join parts by their abundant cellular processes, & helps regulate the concentrations of nutrients & ions within tissue <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Connects blood vessels to neurons <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">4.Ependymal Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Membrane that covers specialized brain parts & forms the inner linings that enclose spaces within the brain & spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Acts as a Blood Brain Barrier <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Schwann Cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neuroglial cell that surrounds an axon of a peripheral neuron, forming the neurilemmal sheath & myelin <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neurons vary in size & shape but have common features <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cell body, tubular, cytoplasm – filled dendrites & axons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neurofibrils <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fine cytoplasmic threads that extend from the cell bodies into the processes of a neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(cell membrane, mitochondria, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dendrites are usually short and highly branded <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Axons originate as a single structure but may give off side branches <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Its ends may branch into many fine extensions that contact the receptive surfaces of other cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Myelin sheaths <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fatty layers formed from certain neuroglia that surround axons, providing insulations <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Neurilemmal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Surrounds the myelin sheath (PNS) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nodes of Ranvier <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Gaps between Schwann cells <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Classification of Neurons <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">1.Multipolar Neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Many processes from cell bodies <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">One process of each neuron is an axon, rest are dendrites <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">2.Bipolar Neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 processes, one from each end of the cell body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">One is an axon, the other is a dendrite <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Parts of the eyes, nose & ears <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">3.Unipolar Neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Single process extending from the cell body <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Short distance from the cell body; process divides into 2 branches = single axon <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -112.5pt;">i.One branch = dendrite <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -112.5pt;">ii.One branch = enters spinal cord or brain <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">1.Sensory Neurons (afferent) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Usually unipolar; some are bipolar <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">2.Interneurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Lie within brain or spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Multipolar & links others neurons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Transmits impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;">3.Motor Neurons (efferent neurons) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Multipolar & carries nerve impulses out of brain or spinal cord to effectors <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Stimulates muscles to contract & glands to release secretions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Convergence =(things coming to 1) coming together <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Divergence = splitting apart <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Afferent = towards (brings in) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Efferent = away (out) exit <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Meninges <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Lie between bony coverings & the soft tissues of the CNS protecting the brain & spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Dura Mater <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Outermost of the meninges <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Tough, white, fibrous connective tissues & contains blood vessels & nerves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Attaches inside the cranial cavity <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Arachnoid Mater <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thin, web-like membrane without blood vessels <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Lies between dura & pia maters <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebrospinal Fluid <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pia Mater <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Very thin & contains many nerves & blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain & spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Brings nutrients to the brain, keeps ions balanced & as a cushion <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Spinal Cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Slender nerve column passes downward from the brain into the vertebral canal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Spinal Nerves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">31 segments (each with a pair) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cervical Enlargement = supplies to upper limbs (neck) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Lumbar Enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back) [5] <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">FUNCTION: Conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">12 Thoracic Vertebrae <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Nerve Tracts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Myelinated nerve fibers that comprise major nerve pathways <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Central Canal <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Contains cerebrospinal fluid <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ascending Tracts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Carry sensory information to the brain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Descending Tracts <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Conduct motor impulses from brain to muscles & glands <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cauda equina = lower part of the spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Brain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Composed of 100 billion Multipolar neurons which communicate with one another & with neurons in other parts of the nervous system <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebrum (largest part) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sensory & motor functions & provides higher mental functions (memory & reasoning) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">2 cerebral hemispheres (mirror images) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Corpus callosum – connects the hemispheres <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Gyri – ridges separated by grooves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sulcus – shallow groove <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fissure – deep groove <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Frontal Lobe <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Concentration, planning, problem solving <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Parietal Lobe <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Understanding speech, using words <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Temporal Lobe <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Interpretation of sensory experiences, memory of visual & auditory patterns <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Occipital Lobe <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebral Cortex <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Outermost portion of the cerebrum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Motor Areas <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Controls eyes & eyelids <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sensory Areas <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Producing feeling or sensation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Association Areas <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, & judging the possible consequences of behavior <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ventricles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Spaces with the central canal of spinal contains CSF <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Diencephalon <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Located between cerebral hemispheres & above the midbrain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Thalamus (CENTRAL RELAY STATION) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mass of gray matter @ the base of the cerebrum in the wall of the 3rd ventricle <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Hypothalamus (MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Homeostasis = hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp., hunger <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Part of the brain below the thalamus & forming the floor of the 3rd ventricle <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Brainstem <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Bundle of nervous tissue, connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Midbrain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Contains Myelinated axons that join lower parts of the brainstem & spinal cord with higher parts of the brain <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Responsible for moving the eyes to view something <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Enables a person to have the head to hear sounds more indistinctly <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pons <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Separates the midbrain from medulla oblongata <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Medulla Oblongata <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pons to the foramen magnum of the skull <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Cardiac Center <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Heart <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Vasometer Center <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Blood Vessels <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Respiratory Center <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Lungs <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebellum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mass of tissue located below the occipital lobes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">FUNCTION: balance & coordination <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cerebellar Cortex <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Outer layer of the cerebellum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Somatic Nervous System <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Consists of the cranial & spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin & skeletal muscles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(consists activities) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -9pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Autonomic Nervous System <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Fibers that connect CNS to viscera; heart, stomach, intestines & glands <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">(unconscious activities) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cranial Nerves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">12 pairs from the underside of the brain (brainstem) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Spinal Nerves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">31 pairs from the spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sympathetic Division <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Parasympathetic Division <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Essay <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Functions & Structures of the Cerebrum & Cerebellum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Function of Cerebrum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Provides higher brain function <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Stores information, memory & utilizes reason <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Function of Cerebellum <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Balance & coordination <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">posture