DNA+&+Molecular+Genetics+(Chapter+16-17)

Chapters 16 & 17  · Griffith (1928)  - Studied bacterium that causes pneumonia in mammals  - 2 varieties  9 Pathogenic (disease-causing)  9 Harmless  - **Transformation** à change in genotype & phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell  - Transferred traits with mice <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">DNA can be transferred from one to another <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Avery (1944) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Copied Griffith <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Tried to transform live harmless bacteria with each chemical <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Only DNA worked <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Avery, McCarty & Colin <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Announced that the transforming agent was DNA <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">DNA was genetic information <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Hershey & Chase (1952) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Discovered that DNA is the genetic material of a "bacteria-eater" or phage known as T2 <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Used viruses & with radioactive DNA they tried to figure out if DNA was genetic material <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Concluded DNA is hereditary information <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Franklin (1953-54) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Experimented with DNA <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - She figured how DNA looked like with x-ray diffraction <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Watson & Crick (1953) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Stole Franklin's work <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Credited as the 1st to have DNA model <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Chargaff <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Reported that DNA composition varies from one species to another <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - DNA of any 1 species, the amounts of the 4 nitrogenous bases are not equal but are present in a characteristic ratio <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - DNA of each species he studied <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The number of adenines approx. = the number of thymines <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The number of guanines approx. = the number of cytosines <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - In human DNA <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">A = 30.9%, T = 29.4%, G = 19.9% & C = 19.8% <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> Ø So A=T & G=C <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Antiparallel <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - 2 DNA strands are antiparallel <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - The 5' à 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' à 3' direction of the other strand <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Polymerase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA & RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Primase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Attaches and opens up the primer to open DNA strand to initiate replication <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Ligase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Helicase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Unwinds the DNA strand to initiate replication <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Single Stranded Binding Protein <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Attaches to help keep DNA open <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Keeps the strand open during replication <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · DNA Polymerase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · RNA Polymerase <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Leading Strand <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -9pt;"> - New continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' à 3' direction <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Lagging Strand <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Discontinuous strand that elongates the other strand of DNA, and must work along the template away from the replication fork <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Telomere <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Cap & Tail of DNA & RNA <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Protective structure at each end of eukaryotic chromosome <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - DNA consists of multiple repetitions of one short nucleotide sequence (TTAGGG) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Protects the organism's genes from being eroded through successive rounds of DNA replication <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Telomeric DNA & special proteins somehow prevent the ends from activating the cell's systems for monitoring DNA damage <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Start codon : AUG <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Stop codon : UAA, UAG, UGA <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · 5' cap helps protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Poly A tail inhibits degradation of the RNA & helps the ribosome attach to it <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Introns <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Non-coding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Are excised from the molecule <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Exons <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Regions that are eventually expressed – translated into amino acid sequences <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Join together to form an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Mutations <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Changes in the genetic material of a cell <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Point Mutations <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Substitution <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Replacement of 1 nucleotide & the opposite DNA strand with another pair of nucleotide <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When or if one base is switched <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Missence <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Doesn't match up <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Codes for nothing <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Wobble <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">When the last base in a codon has extra same if any mutations occur <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Frameshift <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - will occur whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3 <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Insertions/Deletions <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Additions or losses of 1 or more nucleotide pairs in a gene <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · snRNPs <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - recognize the signals for RNA splicing and are short nucleotide sequences at the ends of introns <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · E Site (exit site) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · Part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome (5' CCG-ACG) <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> - Find the anticodon for the answer