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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

a. Looses electrons b. In Glycolysis i. NAD+ a. Adds electron b. In Glycolysis i. PGAL a. Glycolysis a. Krebs Cycle b. E.T.C. with oxidative phosphorylation <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. The oxygen in Aerobic Respiration breaks down sugar <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. In the E.T.C. the electrons are being transferred from one carrier to another <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">c. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor & released in the water <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. NADH & Pyruvate <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. 2 ATP Molecules <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. 8 NADH2 <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">c. 2 FADH2 <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">d. 4 CO 2 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Electrons are accepted by oxygen, combine with H+ to form H20 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">i. Energy is released in the form of ATP <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. End product is in the form of water & ATP <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. From **__hydrogen__** proteins to **__ATP__** synthase <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. The oxidative phosphorylation takes place here <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Ethanol, CO2, NAD+, beer <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Glycolysis is considered to be old because there was a time when oxygen did not exist and Glycolysis does not necessarily need oxygen present for it to function <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. No ATP
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1. Oxidized molecules (reducing agent)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2. Reduced molecules (oxidizing agent)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3. What happens in the cytoplasm? (cytosol)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">4. What happens in the mitochondrion?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5. More ATP
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6. What is oxygen's primary role in respiration?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">7. End products of Glycolysis
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">8. End products of Krebs Cycle
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">9. End products of E.T.C.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">10. What is the path of electron flow in mitochondrion?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">11. What happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">12. What are the products of alcohol fermentation?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">13. Why is Glycolysis so old? (In terms of evolution)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">14. No ATP synthase =
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">15. If the ATP synthase broke, and the fixed, more ATP can still be made
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">16. If you stop eating carbs and your body uses cellular respiration to break down your glycogen, how does the waste leave your body?

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. The waste leaves the body through water <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Light Reaction <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">i. Cyclic Electron Flow <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ii. Noncyclic Electron Flow <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. The two are inversely proportional because they both use the same formula but have reversed formulas <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">i. Photosynthesis <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">I. 6CO2 + 12H2O à C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ii. Cellular Respiration <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">I. C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 12H2O <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Oxidative phosphorylation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">i. Powered by the redox reactions that transfer electrons from food to oxygen <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ii. 90% of ATP generated by respiration <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. Substrate –Level Phosphorylation <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">i. Smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of Glycolysis & the Krebs cycle by a mechanism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Organism that obtains organic food molecules w/o eating other organisms <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. Use energy from the sun (Plants) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. > <span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">b. NADH & FADH because they get oxidized so more protons are produced
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">17. What is found within the thylakoid membrane?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">18. Cellular respiration & photosynthesis are inversely proportional.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">19. What is phosphorylation & what is it like
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">20. Autotroph
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">21. Heterotroph
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> 22. What components are necessary for ATP synthesis in the E.T.C.?<span style="font-family: Gisha,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">a. Hydrogen protons