Chapter+27+and+31+Review+Guide

Chapter 27 & 31 Review 1.What is the difference (in cell walls) between gram-positive& gram-negative bacteria? - Gram-positive à  has a plasma membrane that is surrounded by a cell wall that is made of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide chains) - Gram-negative à  has a plasma membrane that is surrounded by a cell wall that consists of a much surrounding the layer of peptidoglycan 9 Has an outer membrane surrounding the layer of peptidoglycan 2.Differentiate an endospore from a capsule - Endospore à  protective envelope: surrounded by a thick wall which protects from heat, acidity, etc 9 Dormant stage of a bacteria, doesn't reproduce 9 Bacteria changes to endospore when survival is unfavorable; changes back when survival is favorable & restarts division cycle - Capsule à envelope around the whole cell: protection against phagocytic engulfment 9 Attachment to surface 9 Sticky slime layer outside prokaryotic cells 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reserves nutrients/protection against desiccation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.What/where is the DNA found within a prokaryote? - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">DNA is found in a (single) chromosome and in plasmids within the cytoplasm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.Which structure enable prokaryotes to exchange genetic information? - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pilli <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.How do bacteria reproduce asexually? - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Reproduce asexually à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> binary fission - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Binary fission à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> forms 2 identical bacteria cells 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Effective, but can gain genetic variation by incorporating genes from other bacteria <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">6.Know how to differentiate between an autotroph, heterotroph, phototroph and chemotroph. - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Autotroph 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Organisms that obtain organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Heterotroph 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by products - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Phototroph 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Species that use light energy - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chemotroph 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Obtain energy from chemicals taken from the environment <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">In kingdom archae are prokaryotes that live in the worst possible conditions. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Know the prefixes and what they mean. - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Archaea [bacteria] 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Old or ancient bacteria 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Love extreme environments (acidophile = acidic; salty, hot, thermo) where no other life forms can exist - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Eu [bacteria] 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> New bacteria 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">True bacteria which exists today with all living things; the more advanced bacteria <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">8.What do all fungi have in common? - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Fungi will usually get food from absorbing minerals from decaying organic matter <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">9.What are fungi's closes relatives? - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Closest relative à <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> Protists or eukaryotes (animals) - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Green algae from a symbiotic relationship with fungi to form lichens - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Fungi provide a place to live & algae provide nutrients, etc. - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Mycelium 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Some help anchor the fungus 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Some invade the food source 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Some form fungal reproductive structures - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Mycelium increases surfaces area, and its underground mycelium helps with asexual reproduction - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chitin - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Production of resting spores that are used to survive harsh times and to spread - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Chytridomycota - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Basidiomycota
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What is the symbiotic relationship with lichen?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What is an adaptive advantage to fungi being made up of mycelium?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What is the role of mycelium?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What are the cell walls of mushrooms comprised of? [which is also the exoskeleton of arthropods]
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What is the sexual reproduction method in fungi?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What kind of fungi are flagella located in?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">What phylum contains mushrooms?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Essay - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Archaebacteria 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cell wall without peptidoglycan 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Live in environments without oxygen 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Prokaryotic 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Unicellular 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reproduce asexually - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Eubacteria 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Cell wall with peptidoglycan 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Can live nearly anywhere 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Unicellular 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Prokaryotic 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reproduce asexually - <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Protists 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Needs water 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Eukaryotic 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Can be Obligate Anaerobe (can't grow w/ O2 present), Obligate Aerobe (requires O2), or Facultative Anaerobe (can grow w/ or w/o O2 present) 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Reproduce asexually or sexually 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Known as the 'junk' drawer of biology 9 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Generally unicellular
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Evolution from archae to eubacteria to eukaryotes (Protists)